Family Ties and Nineteenth Century England - Literature Essay Samples

E.M. Foresters Howards End illustrates the social interaction between economic classes present in nineteenth century England. Foresters novel focuses specifically on Englands middle class on several varying levels: the upper middle class, which is further categorized into two groups, those of new money and those of old money, and the lower middle class. Forester embodies each of these social factions through one of the novels three major families, the Schlegals, Wilcoxes and Basts. Throughout the novel, Forester shows that each family, despite profession and monetary worth, deserves a stake in the future of England, which is metaphorically represented by the Wilcoxs country home, Howards End. Forester, through characterization, relationships, and social connections, uses these three families to convey his own views towards the path nineteenth century English society should follow en route to economic and society prosperity and which social grouping stands to ultimately inherit En gland. Margaret and Helen Schlegal represent old English traditions and money. Given their annual six hundred pound inheritance, it is unnecessary for either sister to work. This void of employment leaves the sisters time to indulge themselves in practices of idealism and intellectualism, mainly in the realms of art and literature. This preoccupation with the arts develops another focus for the Schlegal sisters, the importance of maintaining connections in every aspect of life. Only connect! That was the whole of her sermon. Only connect the prose and the passion, and both will be exalted, and human love will be seen at its highest. Live in fragments no longer. Only connect, and the beast and the monk, robbed for the isolation that is life to either, will die (Forester 159). While somewhat vague, this idea of connection is prevalent in many facets of existence. Both sisters busy themselves, maintaining social connections with others, connections with the arts, and spi ritual connections with the world in which they are immersed. It is this idea of connection that links Margaret Schlegal with Ruth Wilcox and her family. While Mrs. Wilcox shares the same spirituality and sense of tradition as the Schlegals, she is the dark horse of the entrepreneurial and materialistic Wilcox family. The Wilcox family represents the opposing side of Englands upper middle class, the catalysts of Englands Industrial Revolution. The Schlegals represent the humane liberal culture, the fine civilization of cultivated personal intercourse, while the Wilcoxes have built the [British] Empire; they represent the short-haired executive type obtuse, egotistical, unscrupulous, cowards spiritually, self-deceivers and successful (Levenson 309). Unlike the Schlegals, the Wilcoxes do not stand to inherit an annual income and therefore must work to earn their wealth. This necessity for employment disallows the Wilcoxes time to focus on the importance of art and literature , which causes them to lose sight of English ideals and traditions. Instead, an emphasis on work and money-making causes a fixation around the ideals of materialism and accumulation to develop. Unlike the Schlegals, the Wilcoxes are not concerned with social or spiritual connections. Instead, the Wilcoxes motto is Concentrate (Forester 160). While marginally unclear, this concentration arguably focuses on the realms of business, profit and material accumulation. This clash of traditional and industrial ideals causes a rift to develop in English society. In terms of the novel, Forester personifies this social conflict by juxtaposing the Schlegals and the Wilcoxes. He uses their interactions and evolutions to present his personal views concerning the fate of English society. In an attempt to recreate a more realistic social circle, Forester also includes Leonard Bast and his lover, Jacky, to portray the lowest sector of Englands middle class. Unlike the Wilcoxes, the Bast s do not reap the same monetary benefits of a capitalist England. Despite his efforts, Leonard is trapped in a dead-end and low paying job, a far cry from the colonial conquests of the Wilcoxes. He and his lover do not lead the lavish lives of either the Schlegals or the Wilcoxes and instead endure a rather meager existence. Foresters inclusion of the Basts is important for several reasons. First, in spite of his efforts to improve himself, Leonard does not have the means to progress his place in society. Through Bast, Forester demonstrates and criticizes the rigidity of the British hierarchical scale. However, at the end of the novel, Leonard is somewhat assimilated into upper class through his relationship with Helen Schlegal. While his deliberate efforts to gain social ground are in vain, Helen offers the Basts and the rest of the lower class a chance of social gain by lending part of herself to Leonard through their relationship. Forester nudges open the door of opportun ity for the lower classes when he creates a scenario for Helen and Leonards illegitimate child to potentially inherit Howards End, or, metaphorically, England. Each of these three families represents varying dimensions of British society. Using his novel, Forester unites these far-reaching social classes and begins to tear down the structure of Englands caste system. Through a multitude of relationships and connections, each family and its members blend to create a less rigid social system, allowing for more mobility. The key to Foresters plan for society is that no social group reigns over another, instead each sector becomes interdependent on the others. Through this integration, Forester believes a more productive and prosperous England will develop. One of the most important relationships in Howards End involves Margaret Schlegal and Ruth Wilcox. This friendship lays the initial framework for the entire novel. Unlike her family, Mrs. Wilcox embodies the ideals of O ld English aristocracy. Rather than in business or enterprise, she places great value on the traditions of family and the home. To be parted from your house, your fathers house-it oughtnt to be allowed. It is worse than dying (Forester 71). Upon meeting Margaret Schlegal, Mrs. Wilcox is immediately drawn to her similar sense of tradition. Mrs. Wilcox perceives this bond to be so strong that she alters her will and leaves Howards End to Margaret, rather than to her own family. Keeping with the novels symbolism, Mrs. Wilcox demonstrates her desire to keep England (Howards End) immersed in Old England and its traditions. However, upon further consideration, the presence of contradiction within this potential inheritance shows Foresters skepticism that traditional England can prevail. Despite Mrs. Wilcoxs love for England and tradition, she inadvertently leaves Howards End to a successor of mixed descent. Margaret, while embodying the values of England, is not a complete produc t of it. While she is described by her aunt as being English to the backbone (Forester 7), Margaret and her siblings are actually of both English and German heritage. In her attempt to adhere to tradition, Mrs. Wilcox has unintentionally left her beloved home to an outsider. Another source of hypocrisy stems from the idea of family lineage. Old English tradition calls for valuable familial possessions to be kept within the confines of the family and to be passed on to subsequent generations. In her attempt to preserve Old English tradition, Mrs. Wilcox breaks it by leaving her home to a person outside of her family. This situation foreshadows the impending fall of Old England later in the novel. Following a short, but important, friendship with Margaret, Mrs. Wilcox dies fairly early in the novel. Forester writes, Ah, the old sort was dying out (Forester 75). Her death characterizes the final fall for the aristocratic class. This demise sets the stage for Mr. Wilcox and Englands industrial class to seize power. While this ascension to power is not instant or lasting, their momentary hold is nonetheless firm. Following Mrs. Wilcoxs death, Mr. Wilcox and his immediate family assemble to carry out her will. The family is shocked to discover that Margaret Schlegal is set to inherit Howards End. However, this scene symbolizes the transition of power from Old England to Industrial England. Despite Mrs. Wilcoxs wishes to pass Howards End to Margaret and prolong traditional Englands rule, Mr. Wilcox intervenes and reroutes the power to the business class by deciding to keep Howards End in the family. This highlights industrial Englands rapid acquisition of power. In a very short time, Mr. Wilcox gains possession of Howards End from his wife, or symbolically, industry and business have become the controllers of England and Old England ceases to exist. Mrs. Wilcox death also sparks another vital relationship in the novel between Mr. Wilcox and Ma rgaret. This union is notable because it is Forester beginning to unite the worlds of intellectualism and materialism. Initially, Margaret allows Mr. Wilcox to feel that he possesses the upper hand. A younger woman might have resented his masterly ways, but Margaret had too firm a grip on life to make a fuss. She was, in her own way, as masterly. If he was a fortress, she was a mountain peak (Forester 156). Despite Mr. Wilcoxs perceived superiority, Margaret maintains confidence in her equality, in spite of what she leads him to believe. Regardless of her confidence, Margaret realizes that her future monetary well-being hinges upon Mr. Wilcox and the business class. Despite her reticence, Margaret eventually realizes that the Wilcoxes and the commercial community provide the financial island upon which the intellectual stands (Thomson 124). This reinforces Foresters idea of class interdependence. While Margaret is intent on maintaining her intellectual roots and preserving the traditions of England, she is aware that without embracing industry, the class of old money will come to an end when their annual inheritances run out. This failure to assimilate will undoubtedly lead to absolute power for the commercial class and the loss of English tradition forever. In order to preserve the past to some extent, Margaret realizes that the financial support that Mr. Wilcox provides is necessary to keep her and her peers afloat. Through this relationship, Forester establishes a level of equal importance between those of new money and those of old. The interdependence of the two will eventually lead to economic and social prosperity for England in the future. Arguably, the unification of the two aforementioned groups is relatively simply. However, Forester includes the Basts to represent the lowest sector of Englands middle class. Without anything to offer the rest of society, it is unclear as to how this group will avoid slipping through the cracks of English society, as it has nothing to contribute. Forester remedies this conflict with the philanthropic Helen Schlegal. Consumed with the idea of personal connections and relationships, Helen feels personally responsible for the faulty advice Leonard received which ultimately leads to his unemployment. Rather than disregard Leonard as an unimportant pauper, Helen honors her friendship to Bast and becomes determined to help him. This dedication to Leonard quickly blossoms into a romantic relationship between the two and ultimately results in an illegitimate child. Despite his virtual scarcity in the text, the child is the most important character in term of Foresters overall message. Before the birth of the child, Leonard Bast is killed by the Schlegals sword in the house of the Wilcoxes (Delbaere-Garant 102). While no one is directly responsible for his death (although Charles Wilcox is criminally charged), both the Schlegals and the Wilcoxes indirectly contribute to the de ath in terms of means and location. Forester shows us that Leonard is a victim of the class war (Delbaere-Garant 102). However, Leonards death is not in vain and represents the death of the lower class as it previously existed. Along with Leonard, Englands rigid hierarchical system dies as well. While Leonard is dead, part of him remains in him and Helens child. Leonard alone could not pull himself out of social and economic despair, with the help of Helen, Leonard and the lower class gain opportunity through the baby. This is another paradigm of Foresters class interdependence. Without the upper classes, the lower class cannot flourish. However, with a little help and opportunity, possibilities arise and class structure becomes less firm. The childs most important symbolic purpose comes at the novels end. After Leonards death, Margaret, Mr. Wilcox, Helen and her child all move into Howards End. The symbolic ramifications of this scenario are evident. Each inhabitant represents a different place on the social spectrum: Margaret and Helen the intellectual class, Mr. Wilcox the industrial class and the child a combination of all three, all of whom come together to happily occupy Howards End, or England. Forester tells us that this class unification and interdependence are optimal for Englands future. When the Wilcoxes have sole possession of Howards End, it falls apart and begins to deteriorate. Forester warns the reader that if England becomes too preoccupied with industry, the essence and beauty of England will be lost. After Helen and Margaret are displaced from Wickham Place, all of their belongings are move to Howards End. While the Schlegals belongings fill the house, the house is dead (Forester 251). Similarly, Forester again warns the reader that if the intellectuals do not take an active role in England and simply take up place in an industrial run society, it will still fall. Forester chooses to end the novel with each class playi ng an active role in Howards End; he is stressing class integration. The house is most alive when it is occupied by all three families. Forester takes this idea a step further when Margaret inherits Howards End. However, this return to Old England is short lived. Upon Margarets death, Howards End will be inherited by Helen and Leonards child. Since the child represents all of Englands social classes, Forester is sending the reader a message. Howards End is alive and functioning while occupied by Helen, Margaret, Mr. Wilcox and the baby. England will be prosperous when all of its classes can unite. However, by leaving the baby to inherit Howards End, Forester makes a more emphatic claim. The baby represents an absence of class in that it cannot be classified into one of Englands pre-established groups. Through this inheritance, Forester calls for the eventually abolition of social structure. According to Forester, maximum prosperity for England lies in a classless env ironment. Arguably, Howards End was written to answer the question Who will inherit England? Upon completing and considering Foresters work, it becomes evident it will not belong to a single sector of society. Forester tells the reader that the new England will have room to accommodate everyone.

Tobacco And Its Effect On America - 1179 Words

With such an expansive history in Connecticut, the subject of tobacco is just as encompassing. With roots in Windsor colonial history through its height in the 1950s, sources try to capture it all at a surface level. Scholars have studied tobacco over time evaluating its role in the community at that moment in time. Over a variety of sources, overall the response to tobacco in Windsor has been positive as it serves as both an economic influence and a cultural one as well. Starting at one of the most recent sources, Brianna Dunlap looks at the entire Connecticut River valley as the backdrop as Connecticut’s tobacco industry in Connecticut Valley Tobacco. Published in 2016, Dunlap captures tobacco’s history starting at its roots in the 1600s through Cuba’s reopening trade ports in 2015. This book serves to establish Windsor’s connection with tobacco and how it changed over time to match the changing landscape around the tobacco sheds. Dunlap explains how location was the initial reason that tobacco came and conquered the fields with access to both the Connecticut and Farmington rivers. She states, â€Å"for the settlers, this meant access to trade routes and economic staying power, making the region a modern hub for development.† With immediate access, settlers began quickly to establish Windsor using tobacco as a main export back to England and throughout the colonies. This platform provides Windsor a booming industry that allows for development of other industries thus affectingShow MoreRelatedTobacco And Its Effect On America987 Words   |  4 PagesA cigarettes main ingredient is tobacco. Tobacco was found in Mayan Indian’s carvings showing tobacco use. The drawings were found somewhere between 600 to 900 A.D. Tobacco was smoked out of pipes or rolled up into leaves. â€Å"Two main types of tobacco are involved in early history. 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Inquiring Into The Social Assignment - 1586 Words

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Symptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease - 1222 Words

Abstract Alzheimer’s is a disease that attacks the brain and can result in brain death. This disease is chronic and lately a lot of elderly are being diagnosed with it. Alzheimer’s disease can be referred to as a silent killer because once a person gets the diagnosis, they will have it permanently. Alzheimer’s Patients have a decreased short-term memory; this can result with the onset of confusion. At times, families with loved ones that encounter this disease usually have to change their lifestyle by adjusting it to their love ones needs. This book shows a great outlook on dilemmas families come across when a loved one is diagnosed with this disease. A Description of Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s disease is an unpleasant disease that affects the brain in specific ways. Normal healthy neurons are responsible for the communication that occurs in the body. However, in Alzheimer’s patient, the neurons can no longer communicate with one another so the synapses start to disappear. 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Plato And Aristotle s Views On Politics And Society

Plato and Aristotle are philosophers that both have an idea of an ideal state but they have their differences. While there are benefits to each of their views on politics and society, there are also many negative things about their views. Some of their negative views were realistic at one point in time but few are the same in today s society. Although I don t fully agree with either philosopher, I would have to side with Aristotle overall. The two philosophers had many differences but they were also similar in some ways. They both believed that nature had a way on playing a role on decision making and how things were in society. Philosophers are thinkers and Plato and Aristotle displayed qualities of great thinkers that had ideas of an ideal state. Both of them had views on how a state should be and the way it should run. One more comparison that made them similar is they both believe in slaves and that they still have a function in society. Although there are no slaves in today’s society there are still people that display the qualities of who they described as slaves. Plato had some views that seemed realistic to society while others to me seemed to be unjust for the people. According to Plato everyone by nature has their own function and in order to make an ideal state they each need to serve that role and only that. They are not permitted to do more than one thing or venture off of what they are suited best to do. These roles are people that are motivated by threeShow MoreRelatedPlato s Interpretation Of Utopia1630 Words   |  7 PagesPlato and Aristotle shared many differences despite also sharing a teacher student relationship. This essay will strive to establish their understandings of reason and the role reason plays in their comprehensions of politics, differentiating between the kinds of reason and politics produced as a result. 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Computer and Internet Effects on Society Free Essays

In today’s society the world could not function 10 minutes without the technology it has readily available for its inhabitants. The world today is too depended on the convienience that these products of future abilities offer. They make entertainment, work, social networking, education, and communication so much easier. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer and Internet Effects on Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, there are some significant negative effects like, eye sight problems, social problems, and general laziness issues. The question is, do computers and internet benefit or devastate society. Computers and internet has advanced humanity in various ways. One way includes typing papers. Before computers were invented people had to use typewriters which were much slower and if the writer made a mistake, he or she would have to cover it up with white ink rather than â€Å"backspacing†. Another example of something that computers and the internet have changed, is the way people are entertained. Not only can a person play games on a computer, but they can also watch movies, socialize, find new people, listen to music, and create extremely awing works of art. Also before computers and the internet, the only way of gaining knowledge was literally through others; speeches or reading articles, books, magazines, or any other printed document. Now, computers and the internet makes all of this incredibly convenient. In today’s society people more than likely could not even function without the internet, let alone gain knowledge because more and more kids are reading less and less books due to the internet. In most ways computers are beneficial to society, one major way is through that of the work force. In general, a computer makes typing, which is needed by nearly every profession in one way or another, easier to do. Computers are much faster than old typewriters and obviously faster than hand writing anything. Another reason why they make typing more convenient is the backspace key. Back when it was the typewriter, if a person made a mistake while typing they had to take out the paper and put white ink over the mistake. Or if it was a giant mistake, the writer would then have to take a completely new piece of paper and start anew. Also, instead of looking up how to spell word in the dictionary or knowing how to spell every word in the English language, if the writer were to misspell a word on the computer, it would show an derror on the scree, therefore reducing mistakes as well. In saying this, computers save a vast amount of paper due to not writing directly on the paper itself. Another way computers benefit the work force is through email. These instant messages go from person to person, or from one person to a quantity of people. This, compared to writing out one letter, or even making multiple letters, saves time and is more convenient. Again this method will save paper which in turn helps save the environment. Yet another great example of how computers and internet benefit the work force is through online communication. A specific example of this is video calls. A person who needs to go across the world to present something to a business partner for example, could easily just setup a video call and presen right from his or her own office to another computer somewhere else. This gaain is convenient in saving traveling time and saving money the person would have to spend to travel to wherever was needed. Furthermore, another benefit is a job itself. With today’s technology people have designing careers that need a computer to make, view, or edit photos and movies. They can take a picture with a camera, upload it to a computer, and begin their own form of artwork on the photo. In general there are countless ways that computers effect the work force. Another major benefit computers have to offer is that they improve everyday normal living. One way they do this is by helping people manage their financials. With a computer, a person can open a spreadsheet, create a budget, and manage that budget over time. This could help a person save money in the long run. Also, computers come with on board calculators so there is no need of getting one yourself. Another way computers make everyday life better is that in all appliances, microwaves, ovens, televisions, washer and dryers etc. , and handheld devices, mp3’s, phones, or any other media device, all have what’s called â€Å"embedded systems† which is like a mini on board computer. Without these systems our laundry would take longer to clean, our food would be harder to prepare, and entertainment like movies, shows, or music, might not even exist. Also, people can go onto the internet to research a product before they buy it. This would save time and money because instead of going to the store to ask customer support about a product, a person can look up online what the product has to offer. Order it if they would like, and someone else can deliver it for them. â€Å"Although these tasks can be done without a computer, the invention makes doing such tasks much easier. An example of this is something previously mentioned, entertainment. People are able to access millions of websites that offer movies, short videos, games, or music. Because these are so easy to get to people can entertain themselves as much as they would by going out to the movies or going to an arcade. Something else that computers make easy is making cards. There are computer programs that hel p a person setup any type of card they need, which would save money rather than going out and buying one from a store. Yet another ability computers make easier is communicating with people. People are able to go online and get on video chat and talk to someone across the world with no problem. If a family member is on vacation and would like to talk with you more than over the phone, he or she could just open up a computer and be face to face with whoever they’d like. Also, online gaming provides a vast opportunity to talk with people. The chat boxes that these games provide hosts hundreds, or even thousands of people at a time, all able to talk with each other. Along these same lines lies online chat rooms. People can get on one of these websites and talk with people from around the world, this function is sometimes used for online dating as well. If these ways of communication are not available then there are always emails. These are like notes passed to one another but instead of across the room, it’s to wherever the sender would like. â€Å"Communication with others is growing as an application of computers by children, particularly as more homes and schools gain access to the internet. † A fourth way computers and internet impact society is through education. Computers are becoming less and less expensive so schools are able to afford more and more of them. Computers can help kids learn by having software that teaches them the needed information for a class. Also, with the internet, kids have millions of sources to gather for any necessary research papers or projects. There are online textbooks, so if a kid forgets his or her book at school, they can access the exact same information online. Another example is that online games that educate are very helpful to learning children. How to cite Computer and Internet Effects on Society, Papers

One of the most salient social problems of the Victorian period was the struggle of the working class Essay Example For Students

One of the most salient social problems of the Victorian period was the struggle of the working class Essay In Chartism by Thomas Carlyle, the problem is outlined; in William Dodds narrative, it is recounted from personal experience. Elizabeth Gaskells North and South is a fictional account of the very real condition of England. Clearly, questions of social and economic injustice were on the front burner even as the social oppression transpired. Another very prominent feature of Victorian England was religion, more specifically Christianity. William Dodd and Bessy Higgins are individuals who have endured enormous suffering, who have lost any sort of quality of life to the factories, and yet adhere perhaps even more strongly to their faith. Thomas Carlyle, with purse oftenest in the flaccid state, bears closely in mind the fact that the miraculous breath of Life in , breathed into nostrils by Almighty God Carlyle, p. 37. Margaret Hale, who is of modest but comfortable means, witnesses a multitude of sufferings during her time in Milton, but she maintains her lofty notions of God and Christianity, even as her father, a man of the church, questions the godliness of the churchs economic practices. How does it come to pass that humans can endure and/or witness such suffering as was endured by the working classes of 19th century England and maintain their religious convictions all the same? It seems that the coexistence of the two phenomena would, or should cause some cognitive dissidence for a pious person, but here are four examples of people, two fictional Bessy and Margaret, two real Carlyle and Dodd, who can apparently reconcile religion and suffering. Perhaps Christianity was so ingrained in the culture and in these individuals that faith was more of a reflex than a conscious decision. Dodd raises the question, but dispels it without ever actually examining it. Near the very end of his narrative he asks, Is it consistent with the character of this enlightened, Christian country that we, worn-out, cast-off cripples of the manufacturers, should be left to die of want at home? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Forbid it, Heaven. Dodd, pp. 318-319. His assertion of inconsistency is correct, but Heaven, despite his appeal, had clearly not forbidden a thing. The God in whom he has placed his faith has allowed for his suffering, and the church that he respects and to which he submits himself has not acted on his behalf. Either England was a Christian country in name only, or the Christian church cared little about the welfare of individuals who hadnt the means to make a donation; either way, the issue of moral impropriety in the church itself is another issue. The fact remains that any society that is content to send children to labor in factories at an exceedingly young age, as Dodd was, lacks the moral grain that one would suppose is integral to upholding religious fervor. Carlyle takes a fairly businesslike and not religious approach to his condition of England manifesto, but the overwhelming Christian sentiment of the era naturally finds its way into his writings. He seems to be of the mind that God has given him enough simply by giving him life, but as a non-Christian, non-religious reader of Chartism, the very mention of Christianity and the overwhelming injustice of Englands social structure at the time is an inherent paradox. There is something of a synapse in reasoning where he contends that society exists for the preservation of property' Carlyle, p. 36, but maintains that the English social structure is a Christian one. The fault lies not in Christianity per se; Jewish people, for example, have struggled since the Holocaust to reconcile their own faith with such an abhorrent occurrence that viciously seized the lives of six million Jews and six million others. Still, the problem of intellectual and emotional dissidence remains the same. .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c , .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c .postImageUrl , .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c , .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c:hover , .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c:visited , .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c:active { border:0!important; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c:active , .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud11153bc5108739e8c4efaa865fd5b6c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ethics Of Cheating EssayPerhaps the most perplexing of all of these characters is Bessy Higgins. She not only maintains her ardently religious beliefs in the face of utter physical ruin caused by factory working at too young an age and the loss of her mother, but actually seems to draw upon her suffering to amplify her faith. Bessy is resigned to death, even anticipates and welcomes death, which is not unheard of considering how ill she isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ save for the fact that she is only nineteen years old. It is her faith, her utter devotion to the Bible and to her notions of God and Heaven that make death seem a welcome reprieve from the suffering that she has endured, albeit suffering at the hands of the same God. In some respects, her faith is an asset in that it helps her to withstand the pain that has come to characterize her very existence; however miserable Bessy may be, her unhappiness is quelled somewhat by her expectation of a glorious Heaven. At the same time, the desperation for something good to cling to cheapens her faith somewhat. Without knowing how pious Bessy was before she became ill which is, in a way, irrelevant, because she would have been very young, the fact that she has found religion and it is a comfort to her is very nice, but indicates that she is religious out of necessity; that is, religion is the only thing that keeps her going. Perhaps this is as good a reason as any to be religious. Still, religion is her escape, her way of coping. On that level, it does follow that Bessy is so very strong in her Christianity; as a coping mechanism, it works very well. However, upon examination by a more critical mind, it is hard to understand how an individual who has been so wronged by society and has been dealt such a difficult hand in life can contend that there is indeed a benevolent God, one who is just saving up all the good that is Bessys due for the afterlife. Margaret Hale is steadfast in her Christianity. The daughter of a parish priest and a young woman with the benefit of education, this makes a great deal of sense. Margaret is also a character who questions many things, and questions probingly and critically, especially for a woman her age in that era. The condition of the working class in Milton, the moral rightness of Mr. Thorntons actions, the validity and the intelligence of the labor strike, and many other things come under Margarets quite critical lens. It is almost out of character, then, for her not to raise more questions about the congruence of the suffering and the injustice that she witnesses, and a supposedly Christian society. Even Mr. Hale is able to distance himself enough to raise questions about the churchs practices, and perhaps it is his maturity and totally pure faith that allows him to do this. Margaret is young, very idealistic, and for all her quickness, all the books she has read, she adheres to religion not ignorantly, but blindly. When Bessy enumerates her sufferings on pages 101-102, and becomes nearly violent I her anguish so much as she can muster from her sick-bed, anyway, Margarets response is to calmly inform her, Bessyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ we have a father in Heaven, to which Bessy replies, I know it! I know it. Gaskell, p. 102 It seems as though somehow both of them missed Bessys entirely valid tirade. The existence of God may be a comforting and reassuring thing in which to have faith, but if he doesnt care about the working class while they are in the world, why do the people of the working class invest that faith? There are examples of individuals who rejected Christianity in light of the horrendous quality of life to which the working classes were condemned. Nicholas Higgins is of that school; he not only rejects religion for himself, but discourages the ailing Bessy from finding comfort in scripture. Although he comes off as somewhat hard-nosed, particularly in the way he speaks to Bessy about her greatest source of comfort. .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc , .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc .postImageUrl , .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc , .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc:hover , .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc:visited , .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc:active { border:0!important; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc:active , .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13a6ebff2c2990482900dbb300d898fc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jesus ; Buddha EssayStill, assertions like when I see the world going all wrong leaving undone all the things that lie in disorder close at its handà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ why, I say, leave a this talk about religion alone, and set to work on what yo see and know, Gaskell, p. 92 make Mr. Higgins more credible than his socioeconomic position and consequent lack of formal education would suggest. He cannot, in his mind, reconcile piety with the hardships to which he and his fellow men of the working class are condemned. He has been educated in the school of hard knocks, as they say, and there is no course requirement in blind faith at that school. The condition of England was a preoccupation in Victorian literature. Although the very same questions of how a benevolent God can condone suffering exist even in our contemporary society, wherein social injustice continues to be a fact of life, we live in a considerably more secular culture. The dichotomy of a Christian society that suffered such high levels of poverty, suffering, and inequity is hard to digest. William Dodd and Bessy Higgins clung to their faith perhaps out of need, as a survival mechanism. Thomas Carlyle and Margaret Hale were maybe conditioned to be so pious, had it so deeply ingrained in them from their culture that they knew no other way to take in the world. It is easier to be critical of faith and religious belief in the face of widespread suffering from the vantage point of a vastly different culture. Still, such accounts of the Victorian period make it apparent that it was necessary to reconcile Christianity and the reality of the social condition of England in order to make sense of that society, or at least a semblance of sense.